The valorization of agricultural residues for the development of high-value nutritional products represents a sustainable and economically viable strategy. This study investigated the extraction and identification of bioactive compounds from cowpea bean leaves, focusing on phenolics and flavonoids, which are recognized for their antimicrobial, diuretic, analgesic properties, and potential applications in traditional medicine. An ultrasonic probe was employed as an innovative extraction technique, aiming to enhance efficiency and preserve the bioactivity of the compounds. Extraction conditions were optimized using a mixture design with water, ethanol, and acetonitrile as solvents in different proportions. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were analyzed, highlighting the importance of solvent selection for selective extraction. Water proved to be the most efficient solvent for phenolic extraction, while ethanol was superior for flavonoids. The ternary interaction among water, ethanol, and acetonitrile, identified in the adjusted cubic model, revealed that a balanced mixture of the three solvents provided the best extraction of both compounds. This study confirms the potential of cowpea bean leaves as a rich source of bioactive compounds and demonstrates the efficiency of ultrasonic probes combined with mixture design to optimize sustainable processes for industrial and therapeutic applications.